System E — Saturn Ring

Mechanical Properties Hub

Bolt Grades 4.6–12.9 · Tensile Strength · Yield Strength · Hardness

Bolt Property Classes

4.6

Tensile Strength400 MPa

Yield Strength240 MPa

Hardness—

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

5.6

Tensile Strength500 MPa

Yield Strength300 MPa

Hardness—

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

5.8

Tensile Strength500 MPa

Yield Strength400 MPa

Hardness—

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014

8.8

Tensile Strength800 MPa

Yield Strength640 MPa

Hardness22–32 HRC

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

10.9

Tensile Strength1000 MPa

Yield Strength900 MPa

Hardness32–39 HRC

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

12.9

Tensile Strength1200 MPa

Yield Strength1080 MPa

Hardness39–44 HRC

StandardsDIN912, ISO4762

40Cr10Si2Mo

Tensile Strength880 MPa

Yield Strength685 MPa

Hardness25–35 HRC

StandardsDIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

Bolt Strength Comparison

Grade	Tensile (MPa)	Yield (MPa)	Hardness (HRC)	Standards
4.6	400	240	—	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...
5.6	500	300	—	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...
5.8	500	400	—	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014
8.8	800	640	22–32 HRC	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...
10.9	1000	900	32–39 HRC	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...
12.9	1200	1080	39–44 HRC	DIN912, ISO4762
40Cr10Si2Mo	880	685	25–35 HRC	DIN933, ISO4017, DIN931, ISO4014...

Nut Property Classes

Proof Stress400 MPa

StandardsDIN934, ISO4032

Proof Stress500 MPa

StandardsDIN934, ISO4032

Proof Stress800 MPa

StandardsDIN934, ISO4032

Proof Stress1000 MPa

StandardsDIN934, ISO4032

Proof Stress1200 MPa

StandardsDIN934, ISO4032

Nut Strength Comparison

Grade	Proof Stress (MPa)	Standards
04	400	DIN934, ISO4032
05	500	DIN934, ISO4032
8	800	DIN934, ISO4032
10	1000	DIN934, ISO4032
12	1200	DIN934, ISO4032

Washer Hardness Classes

100HV

Hardness100–200 HV

Bearing Limit300 MPa

StandardsDIN125, ISO7089

140HV

Hardness140–230 HV

Bearing Limit400 MPa

StandardsDIN125, ISO7089

200HV

Hardness200–300 HV

Bearing Limit550 MPa

StandardsDIN125, ISO7089

300HV

Hardness300–400 HV

Bearing Limit800 MPa

StandardsDIN125, ISO7089, DIN912, ISO4762

Washer Hardness Comparison

Grade	Hardness (HV)	Bearing Limit (MPa)	Standards
100HV	100–200 HV	300	DIN125, ISO7089
140HV	140–230 HV	400	DIN125, ISO7089
200HV	200–300 HV	550	DIN125, ISO7089
300HV	300–400 HV	800	DIN125, ISO7089, DIN912, ISO4762

Mechanical Constraint Rules

🔴 RULE_TENSILE_CHECK Tensile Strength Check — Ensure applied tensile load does not exceed bolt tensile strength (SF=1.5)
🟠 RULE_PRELOAD_CHECK Preload Check — Ensure preload does not exceed 90% of bolt yield strength
🔴 RULE_SHEAR_CHECK Shear Strength Check — Ensure applied shear does not exceed bolt shear strength (tau_allow = 0.6 * tensile / SF)
🟠 RULE_THREAD_STRIP_CHECK Thread Strip Check — Ensure thread engagement length is sufficient to prevent stripping
🔴 RULE_STRIP_TO_TENSILE_RATIO Strip-to-Tensile Ratio Check — Ensure thread strip strength exceeds bolt tensile strength (design principle: bolt breaks before thread strips)
🟠 RULE_FATIGUE_CHECK Fatigue Strength Check — Ensure alternating stress amplitude does not exceed fatigue limit (sigma_a < sigma_e, sigma_e ≈ 0.1 * tensile)

Torque-Tension Reference

Torque-tension conversion data available in the Torque-Tension section.

Grade	K-Value Range	Recommended Method

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